Shakhlo SAFAROVA,

independent researcher of the University of World Economy and Diplomacy

            Abstract.  This article examines the national system of human rights education in the Republic of Uzbekistan based on urban development. Special attention is paid to the fact that this national system is based on international standards. The article analyzes the development of education in the field of human rights under the banner of the United Nations, in particular, the announcement of the decade of human rights education and the work done in this regard. The article focuses on the formation of the national system of education on human rights in the Republic of Uzbekistan, and systematically analyzes the efforts and activities of the National Human Rights Center of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The article reveals the essence of normative legal acts aimed at forming the national system of human rights education in the Republic of Uzbekistan and roles in the system.

            Key words: human rights, education, human rights education, national program, concept, decade of human rights education, UN, UNESCO, Uzbekistan.

            Аннотация. Ушбу мақолада Ўзбекистон Республикасидаги инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича таълим миллий тизимининг тадрижий ривожланиши ўрганилган. Бунда ушбу миллий тизим халқаро андозаларга асосланганлигига алоҳида эътибор қаратилган. Мақолада Бирлашган Миллатлар Ташкилоти байроғи остида инсон ҳуқуқлари соҳасидаги таълимнинг ривожланиши, хусусан, инсон ҳуқуқлари таълими ўн йиллигининг эълон қилиниши ва бу борада амалга оширилган ишлар, шунингдек, мамлакатимизда инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича таълимнинг миллий тизими шаклланиши ва бунда Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича Ўзбекистон Республикаси Миллий марказининг саъй-ҳаракатлари ҳамда амалга оширган ишлари тизимли таҳлил қилинган. Ўзбекистон Республикасида инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича таълимнинг миллий тизимини шакллантиришга қаратилган норматив-ҳуқуқий ҳужжатларнинг моҳияти ва тизимдаги ўрни ҳам ёритилган. Тадқиқот ва таҳлил натижалари асосида назарий хулосалар ҳамда амалий тавсиялар билдирилган.

            Калит сўзлар: инсон ҳуқуқлари, таълим, инсон ҳуқуқлари соҳасида таълим, миллий дастур, концепция, инсон ҳуқуқлари таълими ўн йиллиги, БМТ, ЮНЕСКО, Ўзбекистон.

            Аннотация. В данной статье рассматривается национальная система образования в области прав человека в Республике Узбекистан. Особое внимание уделяется тому, что эта национальная система основана на международных стандартах. В статье анализируется развитие образования в области прав человека под знаменем ООН, в частности объявление декады образования в области прав человека и работа, проделанная в этом направлении. В статье сделан акцент на формирование национальной системы образования по правам человека в Республике Узбекистан, а также системно проанализированы усилия и деятельность Национального центра по правам человека Республики Узбекистан. В статье раскрывается сущность нормативных правовых актов, направленных на формирование национальной системы образования в области прав человека в Республике Узбекистан и их место в системе. На основе проведенного исследования были выдвинуты теоретические выводы и некоторые практические идеи.

            Ключевые слова: права человека, образование, образование в области прав человека, национальная программа, концепция, декада образования в области прав человека, ООН, ЮНЕСКО, Узбекистан.

            Since the second half of the 20th century, human rights have become one of the main vectors of international and national politics. According to Academician A.Kh.Saidov the international law of human rights was formed ^[1]. On the other hand, our Local Scientists put forward the reasonable opinion that the main condition for building a democratic, legal state is the promotion and protection of basic rights and freedom, as well as the creation of a real system of guaranteeing the rights of every person in society^[2].

            By the end of the 20th century, it became clear that the legal provision of human rights and its institutional strengthening could not completely solve the problem. It was understood that the role of human rights education is incomparable in popularizing human rights. For this reason, noting that attention to human rights education is “still in its infancy”, the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993) in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (VDPA) stated that “human rights education ¬ development of stable and harmonious relations between countries” is essential for the promotion of mutual understanding, tolerance and peace” and therefore “Called on all countries and institutions to include human rights, humanitarian law, democracy and the rule of law in the curricula of all educational institutions and to develop specific programs and strategies in the field of human rights that provide a broad-based education in the field of human rights”^[3].

            In 1994, the UN General Assembly declared 1995 to 2004 as the United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education (1994) and called on all UN member states to promote “Education, Dissemination and Information to Create a Universal Culture of Human Rights.” At the same time, according to Article 2 of the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training education and training in the field of human rights is aimed promoting universal respect for and observance of all human rights and freedom and educational, professional training, which helps to eliminate the violation of human rights and their abuse by developing their abilities and moral attitudes, in order to provide them with the opportunity to contribute to the creation and promotion of the universal culture of human rights, by forming relevant knowledge, skills and ideas in individuals. It covers all areas of informational, and educational activities^[4].

            Human rights education is fundamental in promoting respect for human rights by all and ensuring their full observance. It serves to raise the culture of human rights, which implies awareness of rights and freedoms and their active use, as well as compliance with obligations, in order to build a democratic society. “Education in the field of human rights is a systematic and purposeful action aimed at creating a common culture of human rights through the formation of knowledge, skills and outlook on human rights,” is defined by the National Human Rights Center of the Republic of Uzbekistan ^[5].

            In fact, popularization of human rights, promotion of ideas about human rights to the public, campaigning in this field can be done within the framework of Human Rights Education.

            In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the attention to human rights education is increasing in order to popularize human rights and more fully convey them to society, and as a result, the national system of comprehensive human rights education is being established.

            While international standards form the basis of the national system of human rights education in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in recent years, a comprehensive national legal system formed on the basis of these international standards has been formed in our republic, and the powers of existing institutions in this field have been expanded.

            In order to carry out work in Uzbekistan in this direction, implementation of the United Nations “Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training”  in paragraph 270 of the State Program on the implementation of the Strategy of Actions on the five priority directions of the development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the “Year of Active Investments and Social Development” in 2017-2021 the task of adopting the national action program was set ^[6].

            The Council of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the purpose of ensuring the implementation of Article 270 of the State Program on the implementation of the Strategy of Actions on the five priority directions of the development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the “Year of Active Investments and Social Development” in 2017-2021 and forming a general culture of human rights and the Senate Council of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted the Joint Resolution of the Council of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Senate Council of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the National Action Program for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training”^[7].

            The National Action Program for the Implementation of the United Nations “Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training was developed by the National Human Rights Center of the Republic of Uzbekistan and approved by the Parliament of Uzbekistan^[8].

            In accordance with the joint decision, the National Action Program for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations “Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training”, the “Road Map” and the implementation of the “Road Map” the monitoring working group was approved.

            In the direction of consistently strengthening our achievements in the field of ensuring human rights, freedom of speech and religious belief in cooperation with relevant international organizations, giving priority to the holding of the global forum “Education on Human Rights” under the auspices of the United Nations is one of the main points in the Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Oliy Majlis of January 24, 2020.^[9] President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev in his speech at the 46th session of the UN Human Rights Council proposed holding a global forum together with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the “Education on Human Rights” declaration^[10].

            In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the establishment of the National Commission for the implementation of the fourth stage of the World Education Program in the field of human rights in the Republic of Uzbekistan” of June 7, 2021 No. F-5664, On December 10, 2004, the UN General Assembly announced the World Program for Human Rights Education to support the implementation of human rights education programs in all sectors, and on December 2011, the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training was adopted, 2020-2024 that the fourth stage of the World Education Program in the field of human rights, aimed at expanding the rights and opportunities of young people by providing education in the field of human rights, is being implemented. It was recognized that the proposal of the National Center for Human Rights to establish the National Commission for the implementation of the fourth stage of the World Program for Human Rights Education in the field of human rights in the Republic of Uzbekistan was accepted.

            According to the decree, the National Human Rights Center of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the working body of the National Commission, and the followings are the main tasks of the National Commission:

            - development of a national training program in the field of human rights, taking into account the norms and standards of international agreements, the recommendations of the UN human rights organizations and the historical, national and cultural values of the Uzbek society;

            - ensuring timely and quality implementation of the program at all levels;

            - to organize a wide awareness of the international community about the measures implemented in the Republic regarding the implementation of the Program and the efforts aimed at improving education in the field of human rights;

            - establishing a constructive dialogue with the UN's charter and treaty bodies, including the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, in order to jointly implement the measures provided for in the program^[11].

            In accordance with paragraph 2 of the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of 10.12.2018 “On improving the activities of the National Human Rights Center of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, one of the main tasks of the Center is to help increase the legal literacy of the population in the field of human rights^[12].

            Chapter 2 (main tasks and functions of the Center) of the Regulation on the National Human Rights Center of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which is Annex 2 of this Resolution, Clause 11 e-section of the system of enlightenment and education on the issues of human rights and freedoms in the field of assistance to increase the legal literacy of the population in the field of human rights development of national programs and action plans aimed at forming a culture of human rights in society, providing support for improvement, literature on human rights, prepares and presents television and radio broadcasts, forms effective mechanisms and procedures for training employees of state bodies on human rights issues and improving their skills, develops and conducts training courses for training representatives of state bodies and civil society institutions on the fundamentals of preparing national reports of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of human rights, alternative reports, and responses to requests of international and regional human rights organizations to the UN charter and treaty bodies, it has been strengthened to attract teachers of higher education institutions, practicing experts, foreign experts to organize training and conduct information and educational campaigns, seminars, trainings, roundtables, meetings, public consultations on the issues of observing and protecting human rights^[13].

            At this point, it should be said that the concept of development of justice bodies and institutions in 2020-2024 was approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of 19.05.2020 “On measures to further improve the activity of justice bodies and institutions in the implementation of the state legal policy”. As one of the priority areas of the concept, it was determined to raise the legal culture of the population, first of all, the youth, by organizing consistent targeted work on legal enlightenment and legal information dissemination.

            In order to ensure this priority direction, the 5th paragraph of the Concept defines the directions of the organization of consistent work on legal education and distribution of legal information, and the work and measures to be implemented in this area^[14].

            It should be recognized that the provision of human rights in each country is based on a document of a certain strategic nature. Such a document serves as the National Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Human Rights. Based on the efforts made, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PF-6012 of 22.06.2020 “On Approval of the National Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Human Rights” was adopted.

            The procedure for mutual cooperation of the state bodies of the Republic of Uzbekistan regarding the review of the National Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Human Rights, the “Road map” for the implementation of the National Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Human Rights, and the notices and decisions of the chartered bodies and treaty committees of the United Nations on human rights approved its statute.

            One of the main tasks of the National Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on human rights is to increase the legal consciousness and legal culture of the population, and to create a culture of human rights in the society.

            In Section IV of the National Strategy (the main directions of the implementation of the National Strategy), the following were strengthened as priority directions for increasing legal literacy in the field of Human Rights, including information dissemination and effective organization of educational activities in this regard:

            - development of a continuous education system on human rights and gender issues, introduction of modern methods of forming respect for the law in society;

            - improvement of the system of training and professional development of human rights journalists, improvement of the legal and organizational basis of journalistic investigations;

            - courses on “Human rights”, “Women's rights”, “Children’s rights” training in higher educational institutions and personnel training centers, including judges and law enforcement officers, as well as in pre-school and general education institutions, academic lyceums and colleges;

            - expanding fundamental and innovative research in the field of human rights, increasing the scientific capacity of scientific research institutions, research and development efficiency, ensuring their integration into international research in this field, wide implementation of research results in practice;

            - to further strengthen the activities of mass media in the field of human rights, to strengthen the guarantees of the rights of journalists and bloggers to receive and disseminate information^[15].

            It should be noted that in addition to the National Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Human Rights, two other important documents were also approved by the Decree.

            One of them is the “Road map” for the implementation of the National Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Human Rights, and the second is the regulation on the procedure for mutual cooperation of the state bodies of the Republic of Uzbekistan regarding the consideration of the notices and decisions of the chartered bodies and treaty committees of the UN on human rights.

            Speaking about the institutional system in the field of human rights education, it should be said that the national human rights institutions are the system of bodies established by the government in accordance with the constitution and law, whose task is to promote and protect human rights. To be more precise, they are neither a court nor a norm-making institution. As a rule, they are given the task and authority to provide constant advice on human rights on the national and international level. These objectives are achieved through common means, discussion and recommendation, or through consideration and resolution of complaints made by individuals or groups of individuals^[16].

            In general, during the next 5 years, many exemplary works were carried out in the institutional field of human rights protection in Uzbekistan. In particular, in 2019, the position of representative for the protection of the rights and legal interests of business entities under the President - business ombudsman, and in February 2020, the position of the deputy human rights representative (ombudsman) of the Oliy Majlis - representative for children’s rights was introduced. In the address of the head of our state, it was emphasized that the time has come to adopt the Law “On Children’s Ombudsman”. The main duties and activities of the child’s rights representative were defined by the Decree “On additional measures to improve the system of child’s rights protection” signed by the President on May 29, 2020.

            The institutional base of the human rights protection system in New Uzbekistan has been expanded and strengthened over the past 5 years. These national human rights institutions operating in our country are the achievement of independence, have the support of the parliament and other law enforcement bodies, protect citizens from any abuse of their powers by some officials, state bodies, ensure the formation and development of civil society, its management and democratization. Democratic institutions that have a positive effect on improvement.

            It should be said that education in the field of human rights is one of the priority directions of the state policy on the formation of human rights culture in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

From the journal “Democratization and Human Rights”, 4(96) – 2022

^[1] См.: Международное право прав человека. Учебное пособие / Саидов А.Х.; Отв. ред.: Топорнин Б.Н. –  М.: МЗ Пресс, 2002. – 197 c.; Саидов А.Х. Международное право прав человека. Учебное пособие. – М.: Издательство Академ. правовой институт, 2005 г.

^[2] Инсон ҳуқуқлари умумий назарияси: ИИВ тизимидаги таълим муассасалари тингловчи ва курсантлари, шунингдек ҳуқуқни муҳофаза этувчи органлар ходимлари учун дарслик. – Т.: Ўзбекистон Республикаси ИИВ Академияси, 2012. – Б. 3.

^[3] World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, 1993 // URL: https://www.ohchr.org/en/about-us/history/vienna-declaration

^[4] United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training // URL: https://www.ohchr.org/en/resources/educators/human-rights-education-training/united-nations-declaration-human-rights-education-and-training

^[5] Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича таълим // http://www.insonhuquqlari.uz/uz/menu/obrazovanie-v-oblasti-prav-cheloveka-.

^[6] 2017–2021 йилларда Ўзбекистон Республикасини ривожлантиришнинг бешта устувор йўналиши бўйича Ҳаракатлар стратегиясини «Фаол инвестициялар ва ижтимоий ривожланиш йили»да амалга оширишга оид Давлат дастури. Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг “2017–2021 йилларда Ўзбекистон Республикасини ривожлантиришнинг бешта устувор йўналиши бўйича ҳаракатлар стратегиясини «Фаол инвестициялар ва ижтимоий ривожланиш йили»да амалга оширишга оид давлат дастури тўғрисида”ги 2019 йил 17 январдаги ПФ-5635-сон Фармонига 1-илова // https://lex.uz/docs/4168749

^[7] БМТнинг инсон ҳуқуқлари соҳасида таълим ва тарбия тўғрисидаги декларацияси қоидаларини амалга ошириш бўйича миллий ҳаракатлар дастури ҳақида”ги Ўзбекистон Республикаси Олий Мажлиси Қонунчилик палатаси Кенгашининг ва Ўзбекистон Республикаси Олий Мажлиси Сенати Кенгашининг Қўшма қарори, 2019 йил 15 июль, 2600-III-сон; 2019 йил 15 июль, КҚ-563-III-сон // https://lex.uz/uz/docs/4493771

^[8] Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича таълим // URL: http://www.insonhuquqlari.uz/uz/menu/obrazovanie-v-oblasti-prav-cheloveka-.

^[9] Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президенти Шавкат Мирзиёевнинг Олий Мажлисга Мурожаатномаси // URL: https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/4057. – 29 дек. – 2020.

^[10] Президент Шавкат Мирзиёевнинг БМТ Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича кенгашининг 46-сессиясидаги нутқи // URL: https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/4179. – 2021. – 22 февр.

^[11] Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг “Ўзбекистон Республикасида инсон ҳуқуқлари соҳасидаги Жаҳон таълим дастурининг тўртинчи босқичини амалга ошириш бўйича Миллий комиссияни ташкил қилиш тўғрисида”ги 2021 йил 7 июндаги Ф–5664-сон Фармойиши.

^[12] “Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича Ўзбекистон Республикаси Миллий маркази фаолиятини такомиллаштириш тўғрисида”ги 10.12.2018 йилдаги ПҚ-4056-сон Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг Қарори // https://lex.uz/docs/4098056

^[13] Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича Ўзбекистон Республикаси Миллий маркази тўғрисидаги Низомнинг 11-банди е-бандости. “Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича Ўзбекистон Республикаси Миллий маркази фаолиятини такомиллаштириш тўғрисида”ги 10.12.2018 йилдаги ПҚ-4056-сон Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг Қарорига 2-илова // https://lex.uz/docs/4098056

^[14] 2020-2024 йилларда адлия органлари ва муассасаларини ривожлантириш концепциясининг 5-параграфи. “Давлат ҳуқуқий сиёсатини амалга оширишда адлия органлари ва муассасалари фаолиятини янада такомиллаштириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида”ги 19.05.2020 йилдаги ПФ-5997-сон Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг Фармонига 1-илова // https://lex.uz/docs/4820060

^[15] Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича Ўзбекистон Республикасининг Миллий стратегиясининг IV-бўлими.  “Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича Ўзбекистон Республикасининг Миллий стратегиясини тасдиқлаш тўғрисида”ги 22.06.2020 йилдаги ПФ-6012-сон Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг Фармонига 1-илова // https://lex.uz/docs/4872355

^[16] Сайфуллаев Э. Инсон ҳуқуқлари бўйича миллий институтлар // URL: https://www.minjust.uz/uz/library/human_rights/73386/. – 2021. – 22 дек.